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A, fracture
Alloy fracture state and quality has a close relationship. Carbide fracture belongs to brittle fracture, compared with the metal material, it has a fine grain, thus the fracture shape is more smooth and detailed. Defect of the organizational structure can be expressed in the alloy profile.
1, holes, (dirty) habits will be larger than 40 microns holes is dirty. Less than 40 micron holes called pores. Check fracture observed holes refers to dirty hole. 40 micron holes under 25 times of the microscope is 1 mm.
Carbide on the cross section of dirty hole, the edge is clear, darker. Hole shape is round, oblique groove, elongated, shape, triangle, half moon, etc., which related to the shape of impurity. Generally speaking, if appear in the liquid phase temperature used to be able to generate carbon and hydrocarbon impurities, holes, which is formed by the general similar to the original; So at low temperature can be hydrogen or carbon reduction of impurities, generated by the hole, its shape is similar to the original is not so. If impurity can only in the presence of liquid phase under high temperature to be restored, the formation of the holes are round or oblique hole; If the impurities are not produce gas into the content, such as cobalt scrap, copper, aluminum, stainless steel scrap, alloy scrap, etc., the formation of the hole, its shape is irregular. Some was not reduction in sintering temperature oxide, basically keep the shape of the original particles. Some big holes in briquette form, is not going to disappear in the sintering process, such as not good pressure caused by the sharp polygonal hole, in good sintered alloy has kept the same.
1, the decarburization
Eta on the fracture characteristics of the 1, usually in the form of silver bright spot. Sometimes a tadpole shaped concave pit. See white highlights from the bottom of the pit. The characteristics of decarburization is easy to recognize. When a serious shortage of carbon, decarburization point doesn't show a tadpole shape window, but the whole fracture is silvery white, very fine grain, it is the characteristics of the matrix of carbon. Another case is fracture presents many concave pit, connect to form a wavy fracture, but not present silvery white window, YN the lack of carbon alloy, fracture is the more features.
Decarburization point size and sintering of liquid phase is related to the number of serious lack of carbon, the relative decline in the liquid phase, eta 1 phase grew up slowly, resulting in fracture of on decarburization point is smaller. On the other hand, slight decarburization, decarburization is larger. This is judgment of decarburization weight a method. Similarly, decarburization point distribution density, and decarburization of the area can illustrate the degree of lack of carbon. Sometimes, only found a few bright spots in the fracture edge, which is characteristic of the alloy surface decarburization. In the case of difficult to determine, cross section can be immersed in potassium ferricyanide solution for a few seconds, and then wash to dry, then under the magnifying glass observation, if there is brown spots on cross section, suggests that lack of carbon, alloy, on the other hand, is the other material produced by the window, this is the most effective way to judge whether alloy with low carbon.
2, the carburizing
Alloy carburizing fracture has two kinds: one is the d-type graphite, the second is the plum blossom shape graphite. D-type graphite is usually produced in low cobalt alloy and fine grain fracture, due to the small and scattered carburizing shape, color, not easy to find, once found, the carburizing is more serious. Plum blossom shape graphite are mostly produced in high cobalt alloy and coarse particle alloys on the fracture surface, because of its shape, size is bigger, so is easily observed, but the carburizing is not serious.
Serious carburizing alloy surface light black, by hand or wipe on white paper, can make hand or white black, in the case of this kind of serious carburizing, the fracture.
Graphite in YT, YN class is usually small and scattered point, fracture is difficult to observe, but if on the grinding slice observation, can be found to have 1.0 1.5% (volume) of graphite impurity, it has to do with fine grain low cobalt alloy carburizing is similar.
3, owe to burn
Owe to burn alloy surface is usually pale, the grain on the cross section were the non-viscous stack, no obvious metallic luster, owe to burn is not obvious, sometimes can see a loose area in the center of the fracture site. But grain and normal alloy has metallic luster. Judge owes to burn the simplest method is to use a drop of ink pen on the cross section point, if the ink bled, absorption, suggests that structure is loose, is characteristic of owe to burn. Will owe to burn the most reliable method is alloy metallographic grinding of porosity determination.
4, burnt
Burnt alloy surface is rough, badly burnt when also can see the grain size of flash, burnt cause alloy grain growth, its section is coarser grains, light person only observed quantity more sparkle, serious a honeycomb, but burnt alloy alloy and coarse grain (such as YG8C YG11C) section is different, the latter more bright spots, but the luster of the bright spots a little dark than burnt, is the white window rather than silver sparkle. It should be pointed out: slightly burnt and owe is difficult to fracture observation method is used to determine whether to burn.
5, mixing
Mixture mixed with another in a greater difference between composition and particle size mixture, this phenomenon is called mixture. Blending alloy fracture usually show the different shapes of small points, some bumps, some depression, but the boundary of the convex and concave into the don't like dirty hole so clear.
6, "dirty"
Alloys on the fracture surface of loose area of organization, macroscopic observation its dark color, and less loose organization, or severe burning fine powder dot carburizing, often appear in the heart of fracture, can also assumes the circular distribution.
7, not pressed
Alloy section were water chestnut sharp triangle, quadrangle and polygon holes, this is due to insufficient material grain deformation when pressing traces of.
8, bulky carbide
Here is not burnt is of coarse grain, but to YT classes the kind of bulky carbide alloy unique. When appear this kind of thick carbide alloy fracture appear similar to owe to burn fracture appear white crystal, sometimes don't have to enlarge, and directly with the naked eye can be observed. Grinding were observed under high power microscopy, the bulky carbide is a kind of special thick needle or flake grain, its shape is similar to the WC grain size.
When the alloy. The above defects, its mechanical performance will be significantly lower, seriously affected the alloy using performance.
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2014年1月31日星期五
2014年1月29日星期三
Four - phase composition and structure of carbide
Carbide of the binding phase composition is mainly refers to the content of W, W content and carbon content of alloy and alloy cooling rate;
1, the relationship between binding phase composition and alloy properties: W content on the hardness of alloy impact is not big, but obviously change the strength of the alloy, for high cobalt alloy, its strength increase with the increase of W content, while the opposite was true for low cobalt alloy. Abrasion resistance and W content relationship: W content is higher, the higher wear resistance; Alloy has a small amount of eta does not prevent use of wear resistance, but eta, alloy brittle.
2, the factors influencing the bond:
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The effects of carbon content:
(1) alloy normal two-phase (WC + Y) WC - CO alloy W content and carbon content of the binding phase relationship: bonding phase increased with the decreasing carbon content and the W content.
(2) the influence of cooling rate: if the cooling speed is too fast, WC can not afford time to precipitation, or the amount of precipitation is less, so that more W content binding phase. But when there are free carbon alloy, binding phase of W content is very low. At this time, the cooling speed of binding phase composition had little influence.
3, hard alloy heat treatment (annealing) : alloy after heat treatment, the bending strength of WC - CO alloy can improve 5-20%; Hardness increase by 3-9%; Impact toughness increase 15-30%; Fracture under alternating load capability is more apparent, can achieve 1 to 6 times.
1, the relationship between binding phase composition and alloy properties: W content on the hardness of alloy impact is not big, but obviously change the strength of the alloy, for high cobalt alloy, its strength increase with the increase of W content, while the opposite was true for low cobalt alloy. Abrasion resistance and W content relationship: W content is higher, the higher wear resistance; Alloy has a small amount of eta does not prevent use of wear resistance, but eta, alloy brittle.
2, the factors influencing the bond:
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The effects of carbon content:
(1) alloy normal two-phase (WC + Y) WC - CO alloy W content and carbon content of the binding phase relationship: bonding phase increased with the decreasing carbon content and the W content.
(2) the influence of cooling rate: if the cooling speed is too fast, WC can not afford time to precipitation, or the amount of precipitation is less, so that more W content binding phase. But when there are free carbon alloy, binding phase of W content is very low. At this time, the cooling speed of binding phase composition had little influence.
3, hard alloy heat treatment (annealing) : alloy after heat treatment, the bending strength of WC - CO alloy can improve 5-20%; Hardness increase by 3-9%; Impact toughness increase 15-30%; Fracture under alternating load capability is more apparent, can achieve 1 to 6 times.
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2014年1月27日星期一
III WC - CO alloy sintered grain growth
1, WC grain grew up mechanism: after sintered alloy average grain size is greater than average size carbide mixture called grain growth.
(1) gather recrystallization: mainly in liquid phase, this process is a solid phase sintering stage. Interface between WC particles increases, due to the diffusion bonding of polycrystalline WC particles into a larger particles, with the diffusion and grain boundary line of large particles gradually eliminate, the formation of large size of WC grain; The higher the temperature, sintering time and the greater the coalescence of recrystallization; Mixture, the smaller the grain size, the longer the wet milling, gathered at a speed of recrystallization, the greater the grew up and gather the recrystallization phenomenon, the more obvious.
(2) liquid recrystallization: in liquid phase sintered body, after some WC grain to dissolve in the liquid phase, and then in other precipitation on the grain, make the latter grew up, this is dissolved precipitation process, this process is very fierce, there are two reasons:
A, WC have larger solubility in liquid cobalt; B, the size of the WC grain uneven, uneven, gathered after recrystallization, produce a small amount of large grain WC; Uneven energy, because of the mixture was strong during the grain in wet grinding in deformation; Irregular shape, such as Angle and protruding parts, larger than the flat parts of energy; When there is liquid phase sintering, the tiny, high-energy first dissolving, has been saturated, the heat preservation time, dissolution and precipitation of WC, the cause of dynamic balance, the size of grain disappearing as a result, the coarse WC particle size increasing. Liquid recrystallization than gathered recrystallization process strongly.
2, the influence of WC grain growth factors:
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(1) the number of liquid: improve the sintering body liquid quantity of various factors, can promote the WC grain growth;
(2) sintering temperature: raise the temperature, make the WC increases the solubility and dissolution rate in the liquid phase, the WC particles increased obviously.
(3) the cobalt content: sintered body fluid phase quantity increases with increase of cobalt content;
(4) carbon content: sintering liquid phase increase with the increase of carbon content in the body, keep the liquid phase time extended, with the increase of carbon content of b improve the carbon content can promote the WC grain growth.
(5) mixture state: A, the smaller the original powder particles, grow up the more serious when sintering; B, the larger the size inhomogeneity, grow up the more serious (still uneven grew up); Grew up, the greater the degree C, grinding and the greater the tendency (still grew up uneven energy);
(6) additive: supplying the alloy with refractory metal carbides, can prevent the WC grain grew up uneven, in order to get the granularity of the fine grain of alloy; Because of adding carbide was adsorbed on the surface of WC particles, can reduce the surface of the WC, bring down the WC solubility in the liquid phase, hinder the WC dissolved in the liquid phase. Hinder recrystallization dissolution mechanism.
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(1) gather recrystallization: mainly in liquid phase, this process is a solid phase sintering stage. Interface between WC particles increases, due to the diffusion bonding of polycrystalline WC particles into a larger particles, with the diffusion and grain boundary line of large particles gradually eliminate, the formation of large size of WC grain; The higher the temperature, sintering time and the greater the coalescence of recrystallization; Mixture, the smaller the grain size, the longer the wet milling, gathered at a speed of recrystallization, the greater the grew up and gather the recrystallization phenomenon, the more obvious.
(2) liquid recrystallization: in liquid phase sintered body, after some WC grain to dissolve in the liquid phase, and then in other precipitation on the grain, make the latter grew up, this is dissolved precipitation process, this process is very fierce, there are two reasons:
A, WC have larger solubility in liquid cobalt; B, the size of the WC grain uneven, uneven, gathered after recrystallization, produce a small amount of large grain WC; Uneven energy, because of the mixture was strong during the grain in wet grinding in deformation; Irregular shape, such as Angle and protruding parts, larger than the flat parts of energy; When there is liquid phase sintering, the tiny, high-energy first dissolving, has been saturated, the heat preservation time, dissolution and precipitation of WC, the cause of dynamic balance, the size of grain disappearing as a result, the coarse WC particle size increasing. Liquid recrystallization than gathered recrystallization process strongly.
2, the influence of WC grain growth factors:
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(1) the number of liquid: improve the sintering body liquid quantity of various factors, can promote the WC grain growth;
(2) sintering temperature: raise the temperature, make the WC increases the solubility and dissolution rate in the liquid phase, the WC particles increased obviously.
(3) the cobalt content: sintered body fluid phase quantity increases with increase of cobalt content;
(4) carbon content: sintering liquid phase increase with the increase of carbon content in the body, keep the liquid phase time extended, with the increase of carbon content of b improve the carbon content can promote the WC grain growth.
(5) mixture state: A, the smaller the original powder particles, grow up the more serious when sintering; B, the larger the size inhomogeneity, grow up the more serious (still uneven grew up); Grew up, the greater the degree C, grinding and the greater the tendency (still grew up uneven energy);
(6) additive: supplying the alloy with refractory metal carbides, can prevent the WC grain grew up uneven, in order to get the granularity of the fine grain of alloy; Because of adding carbide was adsorbed on the surface of WC particles, can reduce the surface of the WC, bring down the WC solubility in the liquid phase, hinder the WC dissolved in the liquid phase. Hinder recrystallization dissolution mechanism.
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2014年1月22日星期三
The sintering waste in cemented carbide production.
1, peeling, alloy surface by edge crack, crack or become warped shell, serious when the scales of small thin skin, critical crack, even pulverization peeling;
Reason: due to the effect of contact of the briquetting of cobalt, decompose carbon gases in which the free carbon, resulting in briquetting strength decreased, resulting in a peeling.
Take the following measures to prevent peeling:
(1) the increase of hydrogen flow rate, lower water content in the hydrogen;
(2) reduce the subjective quantity, strictly control the forming agent addition amount;
(3) open the oven door sintering, the furnace air flow is laminar state;
(4) the guiding strictly control the furnace temperature, slow speed, decompose completely forming agent in the area;
(5) the boat close to block, or sprinkle a thick layer of packing, or reduce the amount of products on either side of the boat forward end;
2, drum up bubble: alloy products internal holes, and on the surface of its corresponding parts of a convex surface, this phenomenon is called drum up bubble;
Reason: there is a concentration of gas, sintered body usually has two kinds:
(1), gathered in the sintering process, the body in the process of sintering shrinkage, air from inside to the surface. If the sintered body has a certain size of impurities, such as alloy scrap, scrap iron, cobalt scrap, air to focus here already, until the liquid phase sintered body appeared, and densification, unable to discharge air, at least resistance of sintered body surface drum up bubble;
(2) the sintered body has generated a large amount of gas chemical reaction, when some oxide sintered body, in the event of a liquid phase after the reduction, the generated gas, this makes the products drum up bubble; WC - CO alloy is generally caused by a mixture of oxide agglomerate.
The porosity of the 3 holes: 40 microns called holes. Can lead to drum up bubble factors, all can form holes, just don't like drum up a large number of gas bubble, in addition, in the presence of sintered body to melt the metal wetting of impurities, such as "not good" pressure of big hole, or solid phase liquid phase sintered body exists serious segregation, can form the hole.
4, organization is not uniform: mixing.
5, deformation: sintered body appears irregular appearance change is called deformation.
(1) the uneven distribution of briquette density: because alloy density is the same;
(2) local severe lack of carbon sintered body: because of the lack of carbon liquid relatively reduced;
(3) the boat is not reasonable; Plate uneven;
6, crack:
(1) suppression of crack: because the briquetting dry stress relaxed didn't immediately, according to elastic recovery faster when sintering.
(2) oxide crack: because briquetting dry some serious oxidation, the oxidation thermal expansion volume and the oxidation of the different parts;
7, "dirty" : alloy fracture on the loose area called "dirty".
The reason: low carbon and high carbon is not appropriate. Factors that influence the carbon content of the sintered body, will influence the formation of a "dirty";
8, burnt: when the sintering temperature on the high side or holding time is too long can produce product burnt. Burnt products, make the grain coarsening, porosity increases, alloy performance significantly decreased. Owe to burn products metallic luster is not obvious, just burn can return.
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Reason: due to the effect of contact of the briquetting of cobalt, decompose carbon gases in which the free carbon, resulting in briquetting strength decreased, resulting in a peeling.
Take the following measures to prevent peeling:
(1) the increase of hydrogen flow rate, lower water content in the hydrogen;
(2) reduce the subjective quantity, strictly control the forming agent addition amount;
(3) open the oven door sintering, the furnace air flow is laminar state;
(4) the guiding strictly control the furnace temperature, slow speed, decompose completely forming agent in the area;
(5) the boat close to block, or sprinkle a thick layer of packing, or reduce the amount of products on either side of the boat forward end;
2, drum up bubble: alloy products internal holes, and on the surface of its corresponding parts of a convex surface, this phenomenon is called drum up bubble;
Reason: there is a concentration of gas, sintered body usually has two kinds:
(1), gathered in the sintering process, the body in the process of sintering shrinkage, air from inside to the surface. If the sintered body has a certain size of impurities, such as alloy scrap, scrap iron, cobalt scrap, air to focus here already, until the liquid phase sintered body appeared, and densification, unable to discharge air, at least resistance of sintered body surface drum up bubble;
(2) the sintered body has generated a large amount of gas chemical reaction, when some oxide sintered body, in the event of a liquid phase after the reduction, the generated gas, this makes the products drum up bubble; WC - CO alloy is generally caused by a mixture of oxide agglomerate.
The porosity of the 3 holes: 40 microns called holes. Can lead to drum up bubble factors, all can form holes, just don't like drum up a large number of gas bubble, in addition, in the presence of sintered body to melt the metal wetting of impurities, such as "not good" pressure of big hole, or solid phase liquid phase sintered body exists serious segregation, can form the hole.
4, organization is not uniform: mixing.
5, deformation: sintered body appears irregular appearance change is called deformation.
(1) the uneven distribution of briquette density: because alloy density is the same;
(2) local severe lack of carbon sintered body: because of the lack of carbon liquid relatively reduced;
(3) the boat is not reasonable; Plate uneven;
6, crack:
(1) suppression of crack: because the briquetting dry stress relaxed didn't immediately, according to elastic recovery faster when sintering.
(2) oxide crack: because briquetting dry some serious oxidation, the oxidation thermal expansion volume and the oxidation of the different parts;
7, "dirty" : alloy fracture on the loose area called "dirty".
The reason: low carbon and high carbon is not appropriate. Factors that influence the carbon content of the sintered body, will influence the formation of a "dirty";
8, burnt: when the sintering temperature on the high side or holding time is too long can produce product burnt. Burnt products, make the grain coarsening, porosity increases, alloy performance significantly decreased. Owe to burn products metallic luster is not obvious, just burn can return.
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2014年1月21日星期二
Hydrogen sintering in the second quarter - Tungsten carbide production
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Will contain briquetting forming agent in a graphite boat, filling a carbon content of alumina filler or graphite particle packing, then, is usually a load of continuous pusher molybdenum wire furnace, sintering under the hydrogen protection, this process is hydrogen sintering process.
A, gas phase reaction sintered body principle:
1, deoxidization reaction:
MeO + H2 = Me + H2O
2, tungsten carbide decarburization reaction (in 800-950 ℃ temperature above) :
WC + H2O = W + H2 + CO
WC + 2 h2 = W + CH4 (methane)
3, the carburization reaction:
CH4 = C + 2 h2 (CH4 from forming agent decomposition of cracking in 400-500 ℃)
2 co = CO2 + C
4, the generation of water gas reaction:
H2O + C = CO + H2 (carbon from the graphite boat, packing and free carbon)
Second, actual common chemical reaction sintering process
1, the cobalt oxide reduction: some of the fine particles of cobalt powder mixture in the form of the oxide, cobalt powder surface coarser will also form oxide film; For cobalt powder stored in the air, wet grinding mixture, drying and briquetting prolonged exposure to air, briquetting further drying; Usually fine particle mixture oxygen levels even more than 1.0%, but the cobalt oxide can completely be hydrogen and carbon reduction:
2 + 2 = 2 c the coo co + CO2
2 coo + WC co + CO2 + W = 2
3 + 3 wc = W3CO3C coo + CO + CO2
2, wet hydrogen decarburization: due to the moisture content of hydrogen is as high as 1000 mg/M3, the temperature is above 950 ℃, the tungsten carbide sharp decarburization and form eta phase; In the solid phase sintering, due to the serious decarburization form eta make press block size increases. Line size can cause increase of 6-7%, briquetting higher porosity shrinkage difficulties; Uneven decarburization cause deformation. In order to avoid the decarburization, caused by high moisture content in the hydrogen should pack or carbon graphite particles of alumina for protection.
3, gas carburizing: because of existence of carbon monoxide and methane carburizing furnace gas carburizing.
: (1) solid carburizing stage in front of the sintering process of two stages, and the sintered body as a liquid, press block or a porous body, when the furnace gas carburizing is through carbon gases in pores on the surface of the separating carbon sintered body, and then further to the activated carbon particles internal diffusion, thus completing the process of carburizing, use high carbon filler sintering, for lack of carbon increase carbon sintered body, prevent alloy appear eta phase in the organization.
(2) liquid carburizing stage: after sintered body into the liquid phase sintering stage, rapid contraction achieve dense state. The carburizing process of sintered body is through liquid cobalt carbon absorption process. Due to liquid phase sintered body, carbon solubility in the liquid phase increases rapidly, the liquid carburizing, obviously improve the temperature, increase the heat preservation time, increase the carburizing gas concentration can improve the carburizing speed, high cobalt content of alloy, fine carbide particles, is conducive to liquid carburizing.
Three, forming agent role of carbon:
In the low temperature sintering stage, the decomposition of forming agent increased carbon sintered body.
1, forming agent carburization process and features:
: (1) rubber heat fission, happens in the low temperature sintering stage is decomposed into hydrogen, methane and other hydrocarbons and free carbon. Carbon in the sintered body, give a sintered body carburization, hydrocarbons into the furnace, furnace gas by gas carburization reaction to secondary thickening of carbon sintered body.
(2) the paraffin wax, paraffin in the process of evaporation condensation will occur some changes. Paraffin wax cracking at high temperatures can produce hydrocarbon gas, make the sinter carburizing, carburizing, however, can only produce more carbon high melting point of paraffin.
2, the factors influencing forming agent increased carbon:
To join (1) forming agent quantity is proportional to the increased amount of carbon;
(2) the heating speed, the faster the temperature, the more carbon. On the contrary, the less.
(3) hydrogen flow: the increase of hydrogen flow rate, can reduce the forming agent increases the amount of carbon.
Four, the choice of the hydrogen sintering specification:
1, sintering temperature, sintering temperature of the carbide shall be higher than that of its main carbide and binder usually eutectic temperature 40-100 ℃; Such as WC - CO eutectic point is 1340 ℃, the sintering temperature is 1370-1440 ℃
2, sintering time, sintering process must ensure enough time to complete the organization transformation. Although in a certain range, sintering temperature and time can complement each other. Such as high temperature fast or slow at low temperature. However, the scope is limited. If the temperature is too low, longer sintering time can't make the density of alloy should be. To the sintering temperature can reach equilibrium state, and have good organizational transformation time, insulation is usually 1 to 2 hours. However, sintering time also affected by other factors. Such as product size is an important factor.
The effect of 3, the choice of packing: packing is hydrogen sintering is very important, it can cause a kind of suitable for sintering in local space body sintering atmosphere, so as to ensure the carbon content of alloy in the allowed range, alloy tissue to normal.
Packing: (1) carburizing graphite powder 1-3 mm size;
(2) the decarburization sex packing: magnesium oxide; W powder;
(3) the alumina packing: add a small amount of 07% (0.1 -) carbon, carbon carrier effect, low temperature carbon absorption, decarburization at high temperature;
4, heating speed, intermittent production furnace per unit time to a rise in temperature degrees; Continuous furnace tends to push the boat speed (mm/min). Heating up too fast, increased carbon sintered body increased, but also can make the furnace hydrocarbon gas concentration is far higher than normal, cause peeling waste; Heating up slowly, increase carbon reduction in the sintered body, still can make sintered body increases oxygen decarburization.
1, hydrogen purity: usually use dew point minus 40 DHS. The lower the water content, the better. Such as negative 70 DHS.
Will contain briquetting forming agent in a graphite boat, filling a carbon content of alumina filler or graphite particle packing, then, is usually a load of continuous pusher molybdenum wire furnace, sintering under the hydrogen protection, this process is hydrogen sintering process.
A, gas phase reaction sintered body principle:
1, deoxidization reaction:
MeO + H2 = Me + H2O
2, tungsten carbide decarburization reaction (in 800-950 ℃ temperature above) :
WC + H2O = W + H2 + CO
WC + 2 h2 = W + CH4 (methane)
3, the carburization reaction:
CH4 = C + 2 h2 (CH4 from forming agent decomposition of cracking in 400-500 ℃)
2 co = CO2 + C
4, the generation of water gas reaction:
H2O + C = CO + H2 (carbon from the graphite boat, packing and free carbon)
Second, actual common chemical reaction sintering process
1, the cobalt oxide reduction: some of the fine particles of cobalt powder mixture in the form of the oxide, cobalt powder surface coarser will also form oxide film; For cobalt powder stored in the air, wet grinding mixture, drying and briquetting prolonged exposure to air, briquetting further drying; Usually fine particle mixture oxygen levels even more than 1.0%, but the cobalt oxide can completely be hydrogen and carbon reduction:
2 + 2 = 2 c the coo co + CO2
2 coo + WC co + CO2 + W = 2
3 + 3 wc = W3CO3C coo + CO + CO2
2, wet hydrogen decarburization: due to the moisture content of hydrogen is as high as 1000 mg/M3, the temperature is above 950 ℃, the tungsten carbide sharp decarburization and form eta phase; In the solid phase sintering, due to the serious decarburization form eta make press block size increases. Line size can cause increase of 6-7%, briquetting higher porosity shrinkage difficulties; Uneven decarburization cause deformation. In order to avoid the decarburization, caused by high moisture content in the hydrogen should pack or carbon graphite particles of alumina for protection.
3, gas carburizing: because of existence of carbon monoxide and methane carburizing furnace gas carburizing.
: (1) solid carburizing stage in front of the sintering process of two stages, and the sintered body as a liquid, press block or a porous body, when the furnace gas carburizing is through carbon gases in pores on the surface of the separating carbon sintered body, and then further to the activated carbon particles internal diffusion, thus completing the process of carburizing, use high carbon filler sintering, for lack of carbon increase carbon sintered body, prevent alloy appear eta phase in the organization.
(2) liquid carburizing stage: after sintered body into the liquid phase sintering stage, rapid contraction achieve dense state. The carburizing process of sintered body is through liquid cobalt carbon absorption process. Due to liquid phase sintered body, carbon solubility in the liquid phase increases rapidly, the liquid carburizing, obviously improve the temperature, increase the heat preservation time, increase the carburizing gas concentration can improve the carburizing speed, high cobalt content of alloy, fine carbide particles, is conducive to liquid carburizing.
Three, forming agent role of carbon:
In the low temperature sintering stage, the decomposition of forming agent increased carbon sintered body.
1, forming agent carburization process and features:
: (1) rubber heat fission, happens in the low temperature sintering stage is decomposed into hydrogen, methane and other hydrocarbons and free carbon. Carbon in the sintered body, give a sintered body carburization, hydrocarbons into the furnace, furnace gas by gas carburization reaction to secondary thickening of carbon sintered body.
(2) the paraffin wax, paraffin in the process of evaporation condensation will occur some changes. Paraffin wax cracking at high temperatures can produce hydrocarbon gas, make the sinter carburizing, carburizing, however, can only produce more carbon high melting point of paraffin.
2, the factors influencing forming agent increased carbon:
To join (1) forming agent quantity is proportional to the increased amount of carbon;
(2) the heating speed, the faster the temperature, the more carbon. On the contrary, the less.
(3) hydrogen flow: the increase of hydrogen flow rate, can reduce the forming agent increases the amount of carbon.
Four, the choice of the hydrogen sintering specification:
1, sintering temperature, sintering temperature of the carbide shall be higher than that of its main carbide and binder usually eutectic temperature 40-100 ℃; Such as WC - CO eutectic point is 1340 ℃, the sintering temperature is 1370-1440 ℃
2, sintering time, sintering process must ensure enough time to complete the organization transformation. Although in a certain range, sintering temperature and time can complement each other. Such as high temperature fast or slow at low temperature. However, the scope is limited. If the temperature is too low, longer sintering time can't make the density of alloy should be. To the sintering temperature can reach equilibrium state, and have good organizational transformation time, insulation is usually 1 to 2 hours. However, sintering time also affected by other factors. Such as product size is an important factor.
The effect of 3, the choice of packing: packing is hydrogen sintering is very important, it can cause a kind of suitable for sintering in local space body sintering atmosphere, so as to ensure the carbon content of alloy in the allowed range, alloy tissue to normal.
Packing: (1) carburizing graphite powder 1-3 mm size;
(2) the decarburization sex packing: magnesium oxide; W powder;
(3) the alumina packing: add a small amount of 07% (0.1 -) carbon, carbon carrier effect, low temperature carbon absorption, decarburization at high temperature;
4, heating speed, intermittent production furnace per unit time to a rise in temperature degrees; Continuous furnace tends to push the boat speed (mm/min). Heating up too fast, increased carbon sintered body increased, but also can make the furnace hydrocarbon gas concentration is far higher than normal, cause peeling waste; Heating up slowly, increase carbon reduction in the sintered body, still can make sintered body increases oxygen decarburization.
1, hydrogen purity: usually use dew point minus 40 DHS. The lower the water content, the better. Such as negative 70 DHS.
2014年1月20日星期一
to be contined - The first section suppression techniques for best tungsten carbide products.
A die;
1, the compression ratio (or filling coefficient) : the mixture of fine, is the greater the apparent specific volume, to be compressed into a given density of briquette compression ratio is large. Generally between 2.5 4 times; Die elastic deformation occurred during pressing process often cause after demoulding pressure piece of the transverse crack.
2, line contraction coefficient: press block size and the ratio of the sintering products corresponding size. The smaller the briquette density, the greater the shrinkage coefficient.
Two, suppression techniques: molding including the said material, mold, pressing, demoulding and briquetting dry, trim (a check) and pressure processing; Suppress press operation is simple, is the key to adjust the single, size and processing due to some of the problems of equipment and material is not stable.
Three, suppression of waste:
1, layered: along the edge of briquetting, angled and compression, form a neat interface layer. The cause of briquetting stratification is internal stress or pressure block elastic tension. Low cobalt content such as mixture, carbide high hardness, the fine powder or granule material, forming agent, uneven distribution of too little or too wet or too dry mixture, pressing pressure, single is too big, press block shape is complex, bad mould finish, mesa, could cause stratification. Increase briquetting strength, reduce the pressure of internal stress and springback is one of the effective methods to solve the delamination.
2, crack: press block in irregular fracture phenomenon called local crack. Due to the pressure inside a tensile stress is greater than the tensile strength of pressure. Press block internal tensile stress from the elastic internal stress. Should be paid attention to: the influencing factors of stratification also affect the crack. In addition, prolong the holding time or multiple pressure, reduced pressure, single weight, improve the mold design and the appropriate increase mold thickness, speed up the mold release, increase the forming agent, improve apparent density material; Can reduce the crack.
Good particles (show) : 3, no pressure though briquetting porosity can reach 40%, but due to suppression materials or pressure drop, compact pore is uneven; If local gap size is too big, cannot eliminate in sintering, the name is not good. Fodder grain is too hard, too thick, loose material is too large; Loose loading grain of uneven distribution in the cavity, single weight on the low side. All may cause no good pressure (particles).
Section 3 other molding method
A, add plastic blank processing:
Use of plasticizer, improve the plasticity of the molding press, then do all kinds of mechanical processing, made of extruded method is called by plastic blank processing, the production principle:
1, the general blank contraction coefficient should be controlled between 1.23 to 1.30.
2, presintering: objective to improve the intensity of blank, at the same time, the removal of forming agent in form small space, to facilitate subsequent permeability wax, presintering should maintain a long time at 400 ℃, presintering temperature is between 700-800 ℃, pre burn time 1-1.5 hours. To prevent the briquetting peeling in the dewaxing process.
3, the permeability of wax: to improve the plasticity of the blank to facilitate processing, blank in the temperature of 60 ℃, put in paraffin wax slowly stop up to 180-200 ℃. Blank out is paraffin wax temperature of 60 ℃.
4, cutting: cutting is should be paid attention to, because of the low strength of blank, easy to clip to crack; Carbide high hardness, wear easily cutting tools, you should use low cobalt fine alloy cutting tools, use the larger rake Angle and back Angle, low speed, a knife into the quantity;
A, isostatic pressing
Using high pressure liquid static pressure direct effects on materials within the elastic mould, make the briquetting multidirectional balanced pressure a molding method at the same time, through the transfer medium of pressure is aqueous solution, thus also known as water static pressing; Isostatic pressing, briquetting strength and linear shrinkage and forming pressure doesn't matter much, be in commonly 2 tons/cm2.
1, mould (core and die set) used for molding plastic appearance, drill a hole in the thin sheet metal sleeve; (elastic mould) must be out of shape not easily, no adhesive pressure.
2, the molding process, the powder loading elastic mould, put in high pressure vessel, after sealing by high-pressure pump into the liquid medium, such as static pressure, make materials uniform compression, decompression release liquid medium in high pressure vessel, and then remove the pressure;
Use a thin material grain can improve the surface quality of the briquette. Die uniform, compact, good material of mold with plastic plug plug, tied tightly with wire. Vacuum exhaust treatment after sealing mode, lest appear big pores and surface defects. High pressure container loading isostatic pressing machine, molding, pressure is 600-1800 kg/cm2.
3, powder (dry bag) : this craft production mode is evolved by isostatic pressing, materials packed in plastic mould, compressed air driven liquid medium, static pressure, material compression molding; General pressure booster cylinder pressure in the 13 to 15 mpa. Take out after SongYa compact. Mainly used in bar or mold core production.
Second, extrusion:
Will be after plasticizing of mixture is put into the container, the container placed at the end of the mold, mold die of it needs extrusion products section, at the other end of the extrusion tube inserted into the extrusion rod, extrusion press pressure through the extrusion rod to mix, make it become a certain shape by die products.
Six Star Hardmetal Advantage Products:
1, the compression ratio (or filling coefficient) : the mixture of fine, is the greater the apparent specific volume, to be compressed into a given density of briquette compression ratio is large. Generally between 2.5 4 times; Die elastic deformation occurred during pressing process often cause after demoulding pressure piece of the transverse crack.
2, line contraction coefficient: press block size and the ratio of the sintering products corresponding size. The smaller the briquette density, the greater the shrinkage coefficient.
Two, suppression techniques: molding including the said material, mold, pressing, demoulding and briquetting dry, trim (a check) and pressure processing; Suppress press operation is simple, is the key to adjust the single, size and processing due to some of the problems of equipment and material is not stable.
Three, suppression of waste:
1, layered: along the edge of briquetting, angled and compression, form a neat interface layer. The cause of briquetting stratification is internal stress or pressure block elastic tension. Low cobalt content such as mixture, carbide high hardness, the fine powder or granule material, forming agent, uneven distribution of too little or too wet or too dry mixture, pressing pressure, single is too big, press block shape is complex, bad mould finish, mesa, could cause stratification. Increase briquetting strength, reduce the pressure of internal stress and springback is one of the effective methods to solve the delamination.
2, crack: press block in irregular fracture phenomenon called local crack. Due to the pressure inside a tensile stress is greater than the tensile strength of pressure. Press block internal tensile stress from the elastic internal stress. Should be paid attention to: the influencing factors of stratification also affect the crack. In addition, prolong the holding time or multiple pressure, reduced pressure, single weight, improve the mold design and the appropriate increase mold thickness, speed up the mold release, increase the forming agent, improve apparent density material; Can reduce the crack.
Good particles (show) : 3, no pressure though briquetting porosity can reach 40%, but due to suppression materials or pressure drop, compact pore is uneven; If local gap size is too big, cannot eliminate in sintering, the name is not good. Fodder grain is too hard, too thick, loose material is too large; Loose loading grain of uneven distribution in the cavity, single weight on the low side. All may cause no good pressure (particles).
Section 3 other molding method
A, add plastic blank processing:
Use of plasticizer, improve the plasticity of the molding press, then do all kinds of mechanical processing, made of extruded method is called by plastic blank processing, the production principle:
1, the general blank contraction coefficient should be controlled between 1.23 to 1.30.
2, presintering: objective to improve the intensity of blank, at the same time, the removal of forming agent in form small space, to facilitate subsequent permeability wax, presintering should maintain a long time at 400 ℃, presintering temperature is between 700-800 ℃, pre burn time 1-1.5 hours. To prevent the briquetting peeling in the dewaxing process.
3, the permeability of wax: to improve the plasticity of the blank to facilitate processing, blank in the temperature of 60 ℃, put in paraffin wax slowly stop up to 180-200 ℃. Blank out is paraffin wax temperature of 60 ℃.
4, cutting: cutting is should be paid attention to, because of the low strength of blank, easy to clip to crack; Carbide high hardness, wear easily cutting tools, you should use low cobalt fine alloy cutting tools, use the larger rake Angle and back Angle, low speed, a knife into the quantity;
A, isostatic pressing
Using high pressure liquid static pressure direct effects on materials within the elastic mould, make the briquetting multidirectional balanced pressure a molding method at the same time, through the transfer medium of pressure is aqueous solution, thus also known as water static pressing; Isostatic pressing, briquetting strength and linear shrinkage and forming pressure doesn't matter much, be in commonly 2 tons/cm2.
1, mould (core and die set) used for molding plastic appearance, drill a hole in the thin sheet metal sleeve; (elastic mould) must be out of shape not easily, no adhesive pressure.
2, the molding process, the powder loading elastic mould, put in high pressure vessel, after sealing by high-pressure pump into the liquid medium, such as static pressure, make materials uniform compression, decompression release liquid medium in high pressure vessel, and then remove the pressure;
Use a thin material grain can improve the surface quality of the briquette. Die uniform, compact, good material of mold with plastic plug plug, tied tightly with wire. Vacuum exhaust treatment after sealing mode, lest appear big pores and surface defects. High pressure container loading isostatic pressing machine, molding, pressure is 600-1800 kg/cm2.
3, powder (dry bag) : this craft production mode is evolved by isostatic pressing, materials packed in plastic mould, compressed air driven liquid medium, static pressure, material compression molding; General pressure booster cylinder pressure in the 13 to 15 mpa. Take out after SongYa compact. Mainly used in bar or mold core production.
Second, extrusion:
Will be after plasticizing of mixture is put into the container, the container placed at the end of the mold, mold die of it needs extrusion products section, at the other end of the extrusion tube inserted into the extrusion rod, extrusion press pressure through the extrusion rod to mix, make it become a certain shape by die products.
Six Star Hardmetal Advantage Products:
2014年1月19日星期日
The first section suppression mechanism of Tungsten Carbide Products.
One, crushing process: powder forming technology is the basic forming of powder metallurgy production method; In touch pressure filling powder, and then under the press pressure, demoulding after get the required shape and size of compact products, and roughly three stages:
1, press block density increases with the increase of pressure; Porosity decreased dramatically.
2, the briquette density increase slowly, because the pore eliminate a lot of in phase 1, continue to pressure just let grain yield elastic deformation.
3, the increase of pressure may achieve powder material yield limit and ultimate strength of powder particles in the plastic deformation or brittle fracture under pressure. Because of the brittle fracture of the particle debris fill in the pore space, briquette density increase.
Two, pressing pressure, pressing pressure is divided into two parts; It is under the condition of no friction, make the powder pressure actually realized to some extent the pressure needed for the static pressure (P1); 2 it is to overcome the friction between powder particles and die pressure to the lateral pressure (P2).
The lateral pressure, the greater the ejection pressure is greater, the poisson coefficient of cemented carbide powder generally between 0.2 0.25.
Three, pressure distribution in the pressing process: the main cause of pressure distribution is uneven between powder particles as well as the friction between the powder and the mold wall. Briquetting elevation, pressure distribution is uneven. A two-way pressure or increasing the pressure diameter, can reduce the nonuniformity of the distribution of pressure.
Four, briquette density distribution: the more complex the briquetting, density distribution is uneven; In addition to uneven pressure distribution (pressure drop), the way of filling is not correct, the degree of compression at different positions of the briquetting inconsistencies, can cause uneven briquette density.
1, fill factor: refers to the density of the briquetting pressure and the apparent density of grain to Y Y the ratio of pine; Compression ratio: refers to the powder material grain filling height h and the ratio of the pressure of the press block height h; In the numerical filling coefficient and the compression ratio is equal.
2, in order to reduce the non-uniformity of briquette density distribution:
(1) improve the surface finish of mold;
(2) reduce friction resistance;
(3) improve the liquidity of material grain;
(4) use reasonable means;
3, the effect of powder size on suppressing;
(1) the bigger the powder dispersion (the smaller the apparent), the greater the pressure. The smaller the briquette density; Have the strength of the larger value, good formability.
(2) the material is relatively coarse grain, pressure piece of easy to achieve high density, but its density distribution is not uniform; In general, briquetting strength along with the addition amount of forming agent.
Five, elastic aftereffect of briquetting:
1, elastic stress: powder particles and the internal contact between particles on the surface, due to the gravity and suction of the interaction between the atoms, will generate a force in the opposite direction and particles, and strive to prevent deformation of particles, in order to achieve and repression called elastic stresses in the pressure balance of forces.
2, elastic aftereffect: after removing the thrust pressure and the pressure piece of demoulding, due to the internal stress relaxation effect caused by the pressure piece of volume expansion phenomenon is called springback.
3, in many cases, elastic expansion in the aftermath of the press block demoulding was the cause of press block crack and delamination.
4, powder particle size, particle roughness decreased, bonding strength between particles to reduce (forming or inadequate water content), and the oxide and springback increase will increase the content of impurities. Grain drying is too dry and harden, can increase elastic aftereffect.
Advantage Products:
1, press block density increases with the increase of pressure; Porosity decreased dramatically.
2, the briquette density increase slowly, because the pore eliminate a lot of in phase 1, continue to pressure just let grain yield elastic deformation.
3, the increase of pressure may achieve powder material yield limit and ultimate strength of powder particles in the plastic deformation or brittle fracture under pressure. Because of the brittle fracture of the particle debris fill in the pore space, briquette density increase.
Two, pressing pressure, pressing pressure is divided into two parts; It is under the condition of no friction, make the powder pressure actually realized to some extent the pressure needed for the static pressure (P1); 2 it is to overcome the friction between powder particles and die pressure to the lateral pressure (P2).
The lateral pressure, the greater the ejection pressure is greater, the poisson coefficient of cemented carbide powder generally between 0.2 0.25.
Three, pressure distribution in the pressing process: the main cause of pressure distribution is uneven between powder particles as well as the friction between the powder and the mold wall. Briquetting elevation, pressure distribution is uneven. A two-way pressure or increasing the pressure diameter, can reduce the nonuniformity of the distribution of pressure.
Four, briquette density distribution: the more complex the briquetting, density distribution is uneven; In addition to uneven pressure distribution (pressure drop), the way of filling is not correct, the degree of compression at different positions of the briquetting inconsistencies, can cause uneven briquette density.
1, fill factor: refers to the density of the briquetting pressure and the apparent density of grain to Y Y the ratio of pine; Compression ratio: refers to the powder material grain filling height h and the ratio of the pressure of the press block height h; In the numerical filling coefficient and the compression ratio is equal.
2, in order to reduce the non-uniformity of briquette density distribution:
(1) improve the surface finish of mold;
(2) reduce friction resistance;
(3) improve the liquidity of material grain;
(4) use reasonable means;
3, the effect of powder size on suppressing;
(1) the bigger the powder dispersion (the smaller the apparent), the greater the pressure. The smaller the briquette density; Have the strength of the larger value, good formability.
(2) the material is relatively coarse grain, pressure piece of easy to achieve high density, but its density distribution is not uniform; In general, briquetting strength along with the addition amount of forming agent.
Five, elastic aftereffect of briquetting:
1, elastic stress: powder particles and the internal contact between particles on the surface, due to the gravity and suction of the interaction between the atoms, will generate a force in the opposite direction and particles, and strive to prevent deformation of particles, in order to achieve and repression called elastic stresses in the pressure balance of forces.
2, elastic aftereffect: after removing the thrust pressure and the pressure piece of demoulding, due to the internal stress relaxation effect caused by the pressure piece of volume expansion phenomenon is called springback.
3, in many cases, elastic expansion in the aftermath of the press block demoulding was the cause of press block crack and delamination.
4, powder particle size, particle roughness decreased, bonding strength between particles to reduce (forming or inadequate water content), and the oxide and springback increase will increase the content of impurities. Grain drying is too dry and harden, can increase elastic aftereffect.
Advantage Products:
2014年1月18日星期六
China's cutting tool market: with the world of manufacturing in close distance
Iscar tools international trading (Shanghai) co., LTD., general manager of Li Yupu interpret
China's cutting tool market.
Journalist: would you please briefly introduce the cutting tool industry development situation, and the international giant's latest developments. The implications for the development of China's manufacturing industry will produce what?
Li Yupu: as the development of the industry power, are derived from the demand; Tool industry today, also because the customer has more and more high request on productivity, and with the generation of new manufacturing industry, and the generation of new material and in constant innovation and upgrade. Today, companies are increasingly subdivided own technical team, from product to the industry, has an experienced team for service support. Iscar, for example, from research to technical service team, already has a mold and industry, automotive and industry, aerospace and industry, MTB group, and increased energy and industry, medical industry group, etc. Of products, in the hard alloy tool on the basis of, in order to meet the special requirements such as high speed cutting, dry cutting, companies are trying to introduce new cutting tool material, coating and geometric shapes.
Five years ago, the international tool enterprise started the merger wave. This process of mergers and acquisitions, let a few big world tool group further improved their product category, continue to make strategic layout in the global market, but also make more competitive. But this benign competition for customers bring is more high quality products and better service, promote the development of manufacturing industry. In addition, after the financial crisis, all countries are actively encouraging export, China's large manufacturing market, this naturally became the various countries' business in the eyes of "cake". New technologies, new products, new services intervention, will be the overall improve China's manufacturing industry level, reduce the distance of manufacturing in China and the world manufacturing industry.
Yet at the same time, China's domestic manufacturing suppliers, must also begin to realize that pressure and crisis, only by constantly improve their own comprehensive ability, is likely to stand out in competition, and use the "right time" resources, play a better advantage.
Reporter: combining the international advanced cutting technology development of the latest developments, please talk about the present stage of China tool what are the gap compared with foreign companies?
Li Yupu: we've seen the cutters domestic enterprises make remarkable progress in the nearly ten years. The transition from concept to system; Is the structure of the company after the change, the change of the operating system; To promote the quality of products promotion and sales growth. However, we must also admit that the gap between the cutting tool companies and foreign enterprises in China. In general, Chinese tool enterprises lack of innovation ability, lack of promotion ability, lack of service ability.
At present, some Chinese companies have production ability and technology, advanced cutting tool in the research and development, however, most of the domestic enterprise still is given priority to with imitation, lack of the spirit of independent innovation. The result will lead to the lack of to represent the image of the product, it will always follow in a passive state in the industry. For example, how to use the new material and coating, to adapt to high speed cutting and new material, composite material cutting. If these new technologies application in a timely manner, we will lag behind many domestic enterprises.
In addition, many domestic companies don't pay attention to, or don't know how to brand establishment and propaganda. These public relations with foreign enterprises also pays attention to improve the corporate image in contrast to the Marketing Department.
The last mentioned services, many domestic enterprises still keep it simple sales mode, it with foreign tool, also formed the absolute gap. As I mentioned before, many companies abroad formed different industry group to study the particularity of various industries and related cutting demand, active development, take the initiative to sales, but most of China's enterprises still lack such service consciousness, result in the lagging of service and passive.
Reporter: how do you evaluate the tool the change of market demand, especially the Chinese market? How will you understand and grasp the seven major strategic emerging industry development historical opportunity?
Li Yupu: as in the financial crisis, the national support projects continue to push forward, and the recovery of the return of the foreign capital enterprise, we firmly believe that in 2011, the trend of the metalworking industry will keep growing. In addition, it is well known that in October 2010, the state council executive meeting adopted the "state council on accelerating the development of cultivation and the decision of the strategic emerging industries" (hereinafter referred to as the "decision"), in reference to the seven foster industry under the state council, one of the four, high-end equipment manufacturing, new energy, new materials and new energy cars, has a close relation with the machining industry, which not only brings us a business opportunity, is even more of a challenge to our r&d department.
High-end equipment manufacturing industry, focus on the development of "give priority to with dry regional aircraft and general aircraft aviation equipment", "" rail transportation equipment, from the headquarters to the attention of the aviation industry, iscar products in the aviation industry has always been in a leading position, has recognized reputation. New energy industry, specifically mentioned in the "decision" "development of nuclear power industry", "improve the level of wind power technology and equipment", puts forward strict requirements on machining, iscar and group Unitac products, in the deep hole processing of nuclear power equipment has a unique advantage, national industries to promote policy will be our new opportunities. New energy vehicles is not only a single technical requirements, is also the embodiment of the future trend, iscar "high productivity, high efficiency" of the slogans are catering to the national requirement for energy conservation and emissions reduction. Finally, the "decision" to the new material industry, nature of material processing and put forward the new challenges.
To sum up, both opportunities and challenges. Iscar consistent innovation concept, however, we are very confident to accept this challenge!
Reporter: can you describe your company in manufacturing industry is how to a position in the division of labor? How does your company make contributions to promote China's manufacturing industry by the big teams?
Li Yupu: in China, cutting tool products is usually divided into two categories: imported cutters and domestic tool. And Israel tools have been positioning for imports of high-end products, concrete is characterized by high quality, high performance, high price, also means iscar is can lead to higher value-added products for our customers. Positioning, our products represent the forefront of technology, and innovation of products is also promote the development of the cutting tool industry.
Want to use their product resources to promote the development of China's manufacturing industry, will need to know where is the demand of China's manufacturing industry, what we can offer, what we do. This demand is not the same in different time. 20 years ago, when the iscar has just entered China, the Chinese state of mechanical processing is still in a relatively traditional, cutting tool products for welding tool and more simple machine tool, iscar no backward to cater to the market to sell, but chose to actively promote the advanced products. At that stage, efforts to change the engineers is iscar do the first step for China's manufacturing industry. Today, when the industry of the Chinese people have realized the advantages of advanced cutting tools, more and more rationally knives cost-effective comprehensive judgment, and consciously pursue high performance products, iscar become the good assistant to help factory to improve production efficiency! Every innovation product launch, every cooperation of non-standard product research and development, will be to promote production efficiency and benefit of China's manufacturing industry to contribute!
China's cutting tool market.
Journalist: would you please briefly introduce the cutting tool industry development situation, and the international giant's latest developments. The implications for the development of China's manufacturing industry will produce what?
Li Yupu: as the development of the industry power, are derived from the demand; Tool industry today, also because the customer has more and more high request on productivity, and with the generation of new manufacturing industry, and the generation of new material and in constant innovation and upgrade. Today, companies are increasingly subdivided own technical team, from product to the industry, has an experienced team for service support. Iscar, for example, from research to technical service team, already has a mold and industry, automotive and industry, aerospace and industry, MTB group, and increased energy and industry, medical industry group, etc. Of products, in the hard alloy tool on the basis of, in order to meet the special requirements such as high speed cutting, dry cutting, companies are trying to introduce new cutting tool material, coating and geometric shapes.
Five years ago, the international tool enterprise started the merger wave. This process of mergers and acquisitions, let a few big world tool group further improved their product category, continue to make strategic layout in the global market, but also make more competitive. But this benign competition for customers bring is more high quality products and better service, promote the development of manufacturing industry. In addition, after the financial crisis, all countries are actively encouraging export, China's large manufacturing market, this naturally became the various countries' business in the eyes of "cake". New technologies, new products, new services intervention, will be the overall improve China's manufacturing industry level, reduce the distance of manufacturing in China and the world manufacturing industry.
Yet at the same time, China's domestic manufacturing suppliers, must also begin to realize that pressure and crisis, only by constantly improve their own comprehensive ability, is likely to stand out in competition, and use the "right time" resources, play a better advantage.
Reporter: combining the international advanced cutting technology development of the latest developments, please talk about the present stage of China tool what are the gap compared with foreign companies?
Li Yupu: we've seen the cutters domestic enterprises make remarkable progress in the nearly ten years. The transition from concept to system; Is the structure of the company after the change, the change of the operating system; To promote the quality of products promotion and sales growth. However, we must also admit that the gap between the cutting tool companies and foreign enterprises in China. In general, Chinese tool enterprises lack of innovation ability, lack of promotion ability, lack of service ability.
At present, some Chinese companies have production ability and technology, advanced cutting tool in the research and development, however, most of the domestic enterprise still is given priority to with imitation, lack of the spirit of independent innovation. The result will lead to the lack of to represent the image of the product, it will always follow in a passive state in the industry. For example, how to use the new material and coating, to adapt to high speed cutting and new material, composite material cutting. If these new technologies application in a timely manner, we will lag behind many domestic enterprises.
In addition, many domestic companies don't pay attention to, or don't know how to brand establishment and propaganda. These public relations with foreign enterprises also pays attention to improve the corporate image in contrast to the Marketing Department.
The last mentioned services, many domestic enterprises still keep it simple sales mode, it with foreign tool, also formed the absolute gap. As I mentioned before, many companies abroad formed different industry group to study the particularity of various industries and related cutting demand, active development, take the initiative to sales, but most of China's enterprises still lack such service consciousness, result in the lagging of service and passive.
Reporter: how do you evaluate the tool the change of market demand, especially the Chinese market? How will you understand and grasp the seven major strategic emerging industry development historical opportunity?
Li Yupu: as in the financial crisis, the national support projects continue to push forward, and the recovery of the return of the foreign capital enterprise, we firmly believe that in 2011, the trend of the metalworking industry will keep growing. In addition, it is well known that in October 2010, the state council executive meeting adopted the "state council on accelerating the development of cultivation and the decision of the strategic emerging industries" (hereinafter referred to as the "decision"), in reference to the seven foster industry under the state council, one of the four, high-end equipment manufacturing, new energy, new materials and new energy cars, has a close relation with the machining industry, which not only brings us a business opportunity, is even more of a challenge to our r&d department.
High-end equipment manufacturing industry, focus on the development of "give priority to with dry regional aircraft and general aircraft aviation equipment", "" rail transportation equipment, from the headquarters to the attention of the aviation industry, iscar products in the aviation industry has always been in a leading position, has recognized reputation. New energy industry, specifically mentioned in the "decision" "development of nuclear power industry", "improve the level of wind power technology and equipment", puts forward strict requirements on machining, iscar and group Unitac products, in the deep hole processing of nuclear power equipment has a unique advantage, national industries to promote policy will be our new opportunities. New energy vehicles is not only a single technical requirements, is also the embodiment of the future trend, iscar "high productivity, high efficiency" of the slogans are catering to the national requirement for energy conservation and emissions reduction. Finally, the "decision" to the new material industry, nature of material processing and put forward the new challenges.
To sum up, both opportunities and challenges. Iscar consistent innovation concept, however, we are very confident to accept this challenge!
Reporter: can you describe your company in manufacturing industry is how to a position in the division of labor? How does your company make contributions to promote China's manufacturing industry by the big teams?
Li Yupu: in China, cutting tool products is usually divided into two categories: imported cutters and domestic tool. And Israel tools have been positioning for imports of high-end products, concrete is characterized by high quality, high performance, high price, also means iscar is can lead to higher value-added products for our customers. Positioning, our products represent the forefront of technology, and innovation of products is also promote the development of the cutting tool industry.
Want to use their product resources to promote the development of China's manufacturing industry, will need to know where is the demand of China's manufacturing industry, what we can offer, what we do. This demand is not the same in different time. 20 years ago, when the iscar has just entered China, the Chinese state of mechanical processing is still in a relatively traditional, cutting tool products for welding tool and more simple machine tool, iscar no backward to cater to the market to sell, but chose to actively promote the advanced products. At that stage, efforts to change the engineers is iscar do the first step for China's manufacturing industry. Today, when the industry of the Chinese people have realized the advantages of advanced cutting tools, more and more rationally knives cost-effective comprehensive judgment, and consciously pursue high performance products, iscar become the good assistant to help factory to improve production efficiency! Every innovation product launch, every cooperation of non-standard product research and development, will be to promote production efficiency and benefit of China's manufacturing industry to contribute!
2014年1月17日星期五
Nano and the structure of ultrafine cemented carbide
Ordinary structure cemented carbide wear resistance and toughness are mutually exclusive, coordinate this contradiction has always been a hard alloy research focus. Study found that in the cemented carbide binder phase content in certain circumstances, when the tungsten carbide (WC) grain size decreases to 0.8 mu m, not only the hardness of alloy to improve, and strength has improved, with the further decrease of grain size, increase more obvious.
This has both high hardness and high strength of cemented carbide cutting tool in machining hard and brittle materials, such as cold cast iron, etc.) when shows excellent performance. WC - 10 co of ultrafine cemented carbide hardness (HRA) can reach 93, transverse rupture strength is greater than 5000 mpa. Nano and ultra-fine grain cemented carbide with cemented carbide are far superior to the ordinary performance, meet the modern processing industry as well as for the new material processing requirements in the application of the special ability greatly enhanced. Nano and the structure of ultrafine cemented carbide "twin" (high abrasion resistance and toughness) performance, especially suitable for manufacturing to adapt to the high load and high stress abrasion, sharp, good rigidity, tools and moulds, such as printed circuit board (PCB) micro drill, V - CUT knife, cutter, etc.
On grain size of nanometer and the structure of ultrafine cemented carbide problem, there is no unified standard. It is generally believed that the grain size is less than 0.5 microns of cemented carbide for ultrafine cemented carbide, grain size is less than 0.2 microns of cemented carbide for nanometer cemented carbide. In this regard, Sweden Sandvik and classification standard of the German association of powder metallurgy relative authority.
Since the 1990 s, and how to refine the grain, the preparing ultrafine cemented carbide and nano results of research and development has become a hotspot in the field of cemented carbide technology all over the world. At Rutgers university in 1989, the first to successfully developed nano structure cemented carbide and patented. Cemented carbide, the advent of nanometer structure is in the field of cemented carbide landmark breakthrough, in order to solve the contradiction between the cemented carbide strength and hardness opens a new route.
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This has both high hardness and high strength of cemented carbide cutting tool in machining hard and brittle materials, such as cold cast iron, etc.) when shows excellent performance. WC - 10 co of ultrafine cemented carbide hardness (HRA) can reach 93, transverse rupture strength is greater than 5000 mpa. Nano and ultra-fine grain cemented carbide with cemented carbide are far superior to the ordinary performance, meet the modern processing industry as well as for the new material processing requirements in the application of the special ability greatly enhanced. Nano and the structure of ultrafine cemented carbide "twin" (high abrasion resistance and toughness) performance, especially suitable for manufacturing to adapt to the high load and high stress abrasion, sharp, good rigidity, tools and moulds, such as printed circuit board (PCB) micro drill, V - CUT knife, cutter, etc.
On grain size of nanometer and the structure of ultrafine cemented carbide problem, there is no unified standard. It is generally believed that the grain size is less than 0.5 microns of cemented carbide for ultrafine cemented carbide, grain size is less than 0.2 microns of cemented carbide for nanometer cemented carbide. In this regard, Sweden Sandvik and classification standard of the German association of powder metallurgy relative authority.
Since the 1990 s, and how to refine the grain, the preparing ultrafine cemented carbide and nano results of research and development has become a hotspot in the field of cemented carbide technology all over the world. At Rutgers university in 1989, the first to successfully developed nano structure cemented carbide and patented. Cemented carbide, the advent of nanometer structure is in the field of cemented carbide landmark breakthrough, in order to solve the contradiction between the cemented carbide strength and hardness opens a new route.
Top brand Tungsten Carbide Manufacturers - Six Star Hardmetal is one-stop Carbide Buttons, Carbide Inserts, Carbide Tips, Carbide Blanks Supplier in China.
2014年1月14日星期二
To be continued - China Tungsten Carbide Industries.
1.2 gap in the development of Chinese cemented carbide industry in rapid development at the same time, also for research and development innovation underfunded, and the long-standing alloy production with tool production and some management link problems, lead to industry innovation ability is not strong, high added value and less products, industrial economic efficiency is not high.
(1) r&d spending less, low innovation ability: China's cemented carbide industry has yet to a high level of professional research and development institutions, production of larger companies there are gap in capital and talent and management, research and development ability is still relatively weak, difficult to produce have autonomy, a high level of original research, enterprise technical renovation and therefore difficult to get a strong technical support.
(2) alloy production and tool production disconnect: China cemented carbide industry because of historical reasons, alloy factory belongs to the metallurgical and mechanical tool factory and two department management, production of the two parts of the original inseparable disconnect for a long time, so far the development of high-grade carbide tool has not been fundamentally solved.
(3) the industrial economic efficiency is not high: China's cemented carbide industry, though large, but because of form a complete set of processing and high value-added products such as high-performance ultra-fine alloy coating, high precision, high performance grinding blade, ultra hard tool materials, complex, precision carbide nc cutter large products amount less, depth and variety of form a complete set is not complete, the cemented carbide production factory with advanced foreign counterparts benefit generally is not high. According to the market investigation and analysis, the present foreign several advanced enterprise product market share in China by weight is less than 1.5% of China's cemented carbide production, but years of sales in the alloy of cemented carbide in China more than 10% of total sales.
To be continued...
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(1) r&d spending less, low innovation ability: China's cemented carbide industry has yet to a high level of professional research and development institutions, production of larger companies there are gap in capital and talent and management, research and development ability is still relatively weak, difficult to produce have autonomy, a high level of original research, enterprise technical renovation and therefore difficult to get a strong technical support.
(2) alloy production and tool production disconnect: China cemented carbide industry because of historical reasons, alloy factory belongs to the metallurgical and mechanical tool factory and two department management, production of the two parts of the original inseparable disconnect for a long time, so far the development of high-grade carbide tool has not been fundamentally solved.
(3) the industrial economic efficiency is not high: China's cemented carbide industry, though large, but because of form a complete set of processing and high value-added products such as high-performance ultra-fine alloy coating, high precision, high performance grinding blade, ultra hard tool materials, complex, precision carbide nc cutter large products amount less, depth and variety of form a complete set is not complete, the cemented carbide production factory with advanced foreign counterparts benefit generally is not high. According to the market investigation and analysis, the present foreign several advanced enterprise product market share in China by weight is less than 1.5% of China's cemented carbide production, but years of sales in the alloy of cemented carbide in China more than 10% of total sales.
To be continued...
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2014年1月10日星期五
Tungsten Carbide Products sintering process can be divided into four basic stages:
Tungsten Carbide Manufacturers Products sintering process can be divided into four basic stages:
1: removal forming agent and presintering stage, at this stage sintered body changes as follows:
Early removal of forming agent, sintering with the increase of temperature, molding agent gradually break down, or vaporization, out of the sintered body, at the same time, forming agent was more or less to increase carbon sintered body, increases the amount of carbon will vary depending on the type, quantity and sintering process of the forming agent of change.
Powder surface oxide reduction in sintering temperature, hydrogen can be reduction of cobalt and tungsten oxide, if removing vacuum forming agent and sintering, carbon and oxygen reaction is not strong. Contact stress between the powder particles gradually eliminate, bonding metal powder to produce replies and recrystallization, surface diffusion began, briquetting strength increased.
2: solid phase sintering stage (800 ℃ -- eutectic temperature)
Before a liquid temperature, in addition to continue to what happened to the last stage, the process of the solid diffusion instead should intensify, plastic flow, sintered body appear obvious shrinkage.
Stage 3: the liquid phase sintering (eutectic temperature, sintering temperature)
When in liquid phase sintered body contraction finished quickly, and then produce crystalline transformation, form the basic organization and structure of the alloy.
Stage 4: cooling (sintering temperature, room temperature)
At this stage, the organization of the alloy composition and phase change with the different cooling condition and produce some, can make use of this characteristic, the hard alloy heat treatment to improve its physical and mechanical properties.
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1: removal forming agent and presintering stage, at this stage sintered body changes as follows:
Early removal of forming agent, sintering with the increase of temperature, molding agent gradually break down, or vaporization, out of the sintered body, at the same time, forming agent was more or less to increase carbon sintered body, increases the amount of carbon will vary depending on the type, quantity and sintering process of the forming agent of change.
Powder surface oxide reduction in sintering temperature, hydrogen can be reduction of cobalt and tungsten oxide, if removing vacuum forming agent and sintering, carbon and oxygen reaction is not strong. Contact stress between the powder particles gradually eliminate, bonding metal powder to produce replies and recrystallization, surface diffusion began, briquetting strength increased.
2: solid phase sintering stage (800 ℃ -- eutectic temperature)
Before a liquid temperature, in addition to continue to what happened to the last stage, the process of the solid diffusion instead should intensify, plastic flow, sintered body appear obvious shrinkage.
Stage 3: the liquid phase sintering (eutectic temperature, sintering temperature)
When in liquid phase sintered body contraction finished quickly, and then produce crystalline transformation, form the basic organization and structure of the alloy.
Stage 4: cooling (sintering temperature, room temperature)
At this stage, the organization of the alloy composition and phase change with the different cooling condition and produce some, can make use of this characteristic, the hard alloy heat treatment to improve its physical and mechanical properties.
K034 Tungsten Carbide Tips used as mining inserts for Carbide Chisel and Rock Auger Teeth.-Six Star Hardmetal
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| K034 Carbide Chisel - Six Star Hardmetal |
2014年1月7日星期二
China's cemented carbide industry status, market and its developing trend .
1. The present status of China cemented carbide industry
In the tungsten industry, carbide tungsten consumption accounts for about 50% of the total of tungsten consumption. Therefore, the development of cemented carbide industry for the development of the whole tungsten industry plays a very important role. China cemented carbide industry starts from the construction of zhuzhou cemented carbide factory in the early 1950 s, more than 50 years, from scratch, development, obtained the accomplishments that have astonished the world, but the overall technology especially high value added products production and there is still a large gap compared with the advanced world level.
1.1 achieved rapid development
(1) cemented carbide production: in the early 1980 s, the carbide annual output 25000 tons, China cemented carbide annual output of about 5000 tons. In the 21st century, the world carbide annual output reached 38000 tons, and rapid growth of China's cemented carbide production has been to 15000 tons, more than a third of the cemented carbide production world. Therefore, from the scale of production and production, China is the world's truly the first production of power.
(2) the hard alloy export: with the further development of China's reform and opening up, China's cemented carbide exports have also made obvious progress, with exports in 1986 reached 100 tons, in 1996 reached 400 tons, in 2006, nearly 5000 tons, in 2013, has more than 25000 tons,
The same as production also accounted for a third of the world carbide market circulation. In the foreign exchange earning less than $4 million a year from the past, also increased to $270 million a year or so now.
(3) complete basic varieties: relating to the application in the metal cutting, mining, drawing die, wear parts, such as in various fields, including its deep processing products, in addition to high performance precision grinding coating blade and the supporting tools, high-performance ultra-fine alloy rod and small amounts of different products to be imported from abroad, the vast majority of products can produce in China.
(4) equipment and technology constantly improve: in recent years, the Chinese used in cemented carbide production equipment manufacturing industry developing rapidly, the production technology level of the equipment is also rising, for cemented carbide enterprise equipment updated created favorable conditions. Some strength strong enterprise again on this foundation, through its own scientific research as well as the necessary technical introduction, the overall level of production equipment and technology has greatly improved. Automatic milling equipment, efficient ball mill, spray drying, granulating, high precision automatic press, vacuum dewaxing sintering furnace, pressure sintering furnace, grinding, coating and a series of advanced equipment and technology has been applied to different manufacturers have different degree.
(5) the hard alloy scrap recycling achievements: scrap tungsten utilization in China are constantly enterprise seriously, only hard alloy scrap by electrolysis, zinc solution techniques such as recycling of tungsten carbide, cobalt oxalate, mixture, reprocessed using carbide production perfection of production has more than 3000 tons/year, account for more than 20% of China's cemented carbide production. These alloys except meet the demand of part of China's industry itself, and to provide some reasonable ratio of cemented carbide products abroad, gives valuable tungsten resources is more reasonable to use.
To be continued...
Six Star Hardmetal's K034 Tungsten Carbide Tips used as mining inserts for Carbide Chisel and Rock Auger Teeth.
2014年1月3日星期五
In 2013, the company's Tungsten Carbide Products marketing work brilliant buck the trend.
It is according to the change of the market, the price of the flexible measures, promoted the growth of the business. Second, under the condition of the market downturn merit decisively to carry out the sales contest. Heavily (merit citation reward 500000 yuan) to dig the potential of business people. Especially in December shipment during the month, that month the receivable huge pressure, under the environment of the company complete delivery alloy products 93 tons, the collection of 67.63 million yuan, set for December delivery and collection of historical record, made significant breakthrough.
Three key is to focus on the development of product tracking system, appoint someone who's in charge of the Marketing Department, and the monthly project meeting coordination, promote the development of new markets, such as stone tools, low-grade sawtooth, geological mining Carbide Buttons ball tooth project meeting held on a regular basis. Four is powder products can adjust the marketing strategy, seize market opportunities, has obtained the good performance of 218 tons, in 2013 and the payment for goods of good quality, timely collection. Five is to accelerate the speed of solving the problem, to coordinate the contradiction between production and marketing, the Marketing Department insist weeks will system, the effect is very good. Six is trying to give the company marketing policy tilt, under the condition of the company more money is tight, took out 700000 yuan reward outstanding backbone in marketing, laid a solid foundation for the development of 2013.
Top brand Tungsten Carbide Manufacturers - Six Star Hardmetal is one-stop Carbide Buttons, Carbide Inserts, Carbide Tips, Carbide Blanks Supplier in China
From http://www.sixstarhardmetal.com kim@sixstarhardmetal.com
Three key is to focus on the development of product tracking system, appoint someone who's in charge of the Marketing Department, and the monthly project meeting coordination, promote the development of new markets, such as stone tools, low-grade sawtooth, geological mining Carbide Buttons ball tooth project meeting held on a regular basis. Four is powder products can adjust the marketing strategy, seize market opportunities, has obtained the good performance of 218 tons, in 2013 and the payment for goods of good quality, timely collection. Five is to accelerate the speed of solving the problem, to coordinate the contradiction between production and marketing, the Marketing Department insist weeks will system, the effect is very good. Six is trying to give the company marketing policy tilt, under the condition of the company more money is tight, took out 700000 yuan reward outstanding backbone in marketing, laid a solid foundation for the development of 2013.
Top brand Tungsten Carbide Manufacturers - Six Star Hardmetal is one-stop Carbide Buttons, Carbide Inserts, Carbide Tips, Carbide Blanks Supplier in China
From http://www.sixstarhardmetal.com kim@sixstarhardmetal.com
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